How To Make Basic Homemade Bread

Understanding Bread Basics and What You'll Need

Homemade bread requires just a few basic ingredients and tools that most people already have in their kitchen. The foundation of bread consists of four essential components: flour, water, salt, and yeast. Flour provides the structure through gluten development, water activates the yeast and hydrates the flour, salt flavors the bread and controls fermentation speed, and yeast creates the rise through carbon dioxide production. Understanding how these ingredients work together helps you troubleshoot problems and adapt recipes to your preferences.

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Beyond ingredients, you'll need minimal equipment. A mixing bowl, measuring cups and spoons, a kitchen scale (though not required, it improves accuracy), and an oven are the essentials. A stand mixer or food processor can save time during mixing, but kneading by hand works perfectly well and takes about 10 minutes. Many bakers prefer hand-kneading because it helps develop an intuitive feel for dough consistency. A Dutch oven or covered baking vessel creates steam during baking, which produces a crispy crust—this is particularly helpful for beginners.

The basic ratio for simple bread is approximately 3 parts flour to 2 parts water by weight, with about 2 percent salt and 0.5 to 1 percent instant yeast. For example, a basic loaf might use 500 grams of flour, 330 grams of water, 10 grams of salt, and 5 grams of instant yeast. These measurements create a moderately hydrated dough that's easier to handle than wetter doughs while still producing good texture. Different flour types absorb different amounts of water, so you may need to adjust slightly based on your specific flour brand.

Practical takeaway: Gather your four main ingredients and check that your oven temperature can be accurately controlled. A simple oven thermometer costs a few dollars and helps ensure your bread bakes at the correct temperature, which significantly impacts results.

Mixing and Kneading Your Dough Properly

The mixing process begins by combining your dry ingredients—flour and salt—in a bowl. Some bakers prefer mixing salt separately into the water to distribute it evenly, which can prevent salt from directly contacting yeast cells. Add your yeast to the water mixture, stir to dissolve it, then combine the wet and dry ingredients. Mix until all flour is incorporated and you have a shaggy mass. This initial mixing typically takes 2 to 3 minutes by hand or 1 minute with a stand mixer.

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Kneading develops gluten, the protein network that traps gas bubbles and gives bread its structure. By hand, knead your dough for 8 to 10 minutes using a consistent pushing-folding-turning motion. Push the dough away from you with the heel of your hand, fold it back over itself, rotate it a quarter turn, and repeat. Your dough should start sticky and gradually become smoother and more elastic. You'll know kneading is complete when the dough springs back slowly after poking it with your finger, rather than staying dimpled.

If using a stand mixer with a dough hook, knead for 5 to 8 minutes on medium speed. The mixer does the work more quickly than hand kneading, but hand kneading gives you valuable feedback about dough development. Many experienced bakers mix with a machine for 5 minutes, then finish by hand for 2 to 3 minutes to develop better feel for the final texture. The dough should be slightly tacky but not sticky—it should hold together without leaving excessive residue on your hands.

Some modern recipes use an autolyse period where you mix flour and water and let them rest for 20 to 30 minutes before adding salt and yeast. This allows the flour to fully hydrate, which can reduce total kneading time. However, it's an optional step that works better as you gain experience. For beginning bread makers, standard mixing and kneading produces excellent results.

Practical takeaway: The "poke test" is your best guide for knowing when dough is properly kneaded. If the dent springs back slowly over several seconds, you're ready to move to fermentation. Trust your hands over a timer—dough development varies based on flour type, water temperature, and room temperature.

Fermentation and the First Rise

After kneading, place your dough in a lightly oiled bowl, cover it with a damp cloth or plastic wrap, and let it rest in a warm location. This fermentation period typically lasts 1 to 2 hours at room temperature (around 70 degrees Fahrenheit). During this time, yeast cells consume sugars from the flour and produce carbon dioxide, which creates tiny bubbles throughout the dough. The dough should roughly double in size, though you can judge readiness more accurately by feel and appearance than by strict timing.

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Temperature significantly affects fermentation speed. Warmer environments (75-80°F) speed up fermentation to 45 minutes to 1.5 hours, while cooler rooms (65-70°F) extend it to 2 to 3 hours. A useful technique is the "poke test for fermentation": gently poke your dough with a floured finger. If the indent slowly springs back halfway, you're at the right stage. If it springs back completely, the dough needs more time. If it doesn't spring back at all, the dough may be over-fermented.

Some recipes use "bulk fermentation" for 4 to 8 hours in a cool place or overnight in the refrigerator. Extended cool fermentation develops more complex flavors because the yeast and bacteria work more slowly, creating acids that add depth to the bread's taste. This method is often easier for beginners because the longer timeline means you're less likely to over-ferment, and you can fit bread-making into your schedule more flexibly. Many bakers prepare dough in the evening and bake the next morning.

During fermentation, you may perform "stretch and folds" every 20 to 30 minutes for the first 2 hours. Wet your hand, grab one side of the dough, stretch it up and fold it over itself. Repeat from all four sides. These gentle manipulations further develop gluten without aggressive kneading and help incorporate air more evenly. This step is optional but produces noticeably better crumb structure in the final loaf.

Practical takeaway: Skip the timer and use the poke test to determine when your dough is ready to shape. Room temperature varies between kitchens and seasons, so judging by appearance and touch is more reliable than following exact times.

Shaping and the Second Rise

Once fermented, your dough is ready for shaping. Turn it out onto a lightly floured surface and gently pre-shape it into a round by folding the edges toward the center and rolling it slightly. Let this pre-shaped dough rest uncovered for 15 to 30 minutes—this "bench rest" allows the gluten to relax, making final shaping easier and less likely to tear.

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For a round boule, place your pre-shaped dough seam-side up in a floured banneton basket or a bowl lined with a floured cloth. For an oval batard shape, gently flatten the dough into a rectangle, fold the top third down and press it, fold the bottom third up and press it, then roll the dough tightly toward you like a scroll and pinch the seam closed. Place it seam-side down on your floured surface or in an oval banneton. Proper shaping creates surface tension that helps the bread rise upward rather than spreading sideways.

The second rise (often called "proofing") typically lasts 1 to 4 hours at room temperature, or 8 to 16 hours in the refrigerator. Cold overnight fermentation is particularly popular because it's convenient and produces excellent flavor development. During this stage, the yeast continues producing gas, and the dough should increase noticeably in size. If proofing at room temperature, you'll know it's ready when the dough springs back slowly but doesn't completely rebound when you gently poke it.

Cold proofing in the refrigerator (37-40°F) has several advantages: it slows yeast activity so you won't over-ferment, the cold makes the dough easier to score, and the extended fermentation creates deeper flavor. You can shape bread in the